---
title: "Greenhouse CO2 Calculator: Flow Rate, Exhaust Waste, and the Fan Trap That Drains Tanks in Days"
canonical: "https://theyieldgrid.com/greenhouse-co2-calculator/"
model_id: "tyg-726"
model_version: "1.0.0"
last_reviewed: "2026-08-20T11:05:54"
reviewed_by: "Umer Hayiat"
---

# Greenhouse CO2 Calculator: Flow Rate, Exhaust Waste, and the Fan Trap That Drains Tanks in Days

> Canonical calculator: [https://theyieldgrid.com/greenhouse-co2-calculator/](https://theyieldgrid.com/greenhouse-co2-calculator/)

## What this calculator does

Home - Free Gardening Calculators & Tools - Greenhouse CO2 Calculator: Flow Rate, Exhaust Waste, and the Fan Trap That Drains Tanks in Days CO2 enrichment fails quietly. A grower sets a regulator to 2 CFH, watches the tank gauge, and assumes the plants are thriving at 1,200 PPM. What the gauge does not show is that a continuously running exhaust fan can replace the entire room’s air volume every few minutes, expelling every molecule of injected CO2 before it reaches a single stomatal opening. The calculation is not just about how much CO2 to add. It is about how much you are simultaneously throwing away.

## Inputs

| Input | ID | Type | Unit | Range or choices | Required |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grow Room Dimensions (L × W × H) * | `co2enrich_len` | number | L × W × H | 1 to 9999 | Yes |
| Room Width in feet | `co2enrich_wid` | number | feet | 1 to 9999 | Yes |
| Room Height in feet | `co2enrich_hgt` | number | feet | 1 to 99 | Yes |
| Ambient Base CO2 Level * | `co2enrich_ambient` | number | PPM | 300 to 1000 | Yes |
| Target CO2 Level * | `co2enrich_target` | number | PPM | 401 to 5000 | Yes |
| Exhaust Fan Air Exchanges per Hour * | `co2enrich_exhaust` | number | Hour | 0 to 300 | Yes |
| CO2 Tank / Supply Size (optional) | `co2enrich_tank` | number | lb | 1 to 9999 | No |

## Outputs

| Output ID | Default state |
|---|---|
| `co2enrich_err_dim` |  |
| `co2enrich_err_ambient` |  |
| `co2enrich_err_target` |  |
| `co2enrich_err_exhaust` |  |
| `co2enrich_err_tank` |  |
| `co2enrich_results` | — CFH cubic feet per hour required CO2 Efficiency Rating (vs. exhaust waste) Exhaust Dump Risk Meter Safe (fan off) Moderate risk Severe dump Reference: CO2 Flow Rate by Room Size & Target PPM Room Vol. (ft³) Target PPM Deficit (PPM) Flow Rate (CFH) Status Tank Duration Estimate Recommended Equipment for CO2 Enrichment CO2 Regulators with Solenoid Valves — Automatically shut off CO2 flow when your exhaust fan kicks on. Essential for zero-waste injection cycles. NDIR CO2 Monitors / Controllers (T |
| `co2enrich_out_primary` | — |
| `co2enrich_warn_box` |  |
| `co2enrich_tank_result` | Tank Duration Estimate |

## Formula and method

Room Volume: Room_Volume (ft³) = Length × Width × Height Calculates the total cubic feet of air in the grow room. CO2 Deficit: CO2_Deficit = (Target_PPM − Ambient_PPM) ÷ 1,000,000 Converts the PPM difference into a dimensionless fraction of gas needed per cubic foot of air. Base Flow Rate (fan off): Base_CFH = Room_Volume × CO2_Deficit How much CO2 (cubic feet) you need to inject to raise the room from ambient to target PPM in one hour with the fan off. Exhaust-Adjusted Flow Rate: CFH_Required = Room_Volume × CO2_Deficit × (1 + Exchanges_per_Hour) Each air exchange dumps a full room-volume of enriched air to the outside. You must replenish that lost CO2 on top of the baseline fill. When exchanges > 0, costs multiply directly with exhaust rate. Our logic accounts for the air exchange multiplier, preventing the common mistake of under-injecting while fans are active. Show the calculation steps Step 1: Room Volume Room Volume (ft³) = Length (ft) x Width (ft) x Height (ft) This produces the total cubic footage of air that must be enriched. No conversion factor is needed; the formula works natively in imperial units when all dimensions are in feet. Step 2: CO2 Deficit Fraction CO2 Deficit = (Target PPM – Ambient PPM) / 1,000,000 Dividing by 1,000,000 converts the PPM difference into a dimensionless volume fraction. For a deficit of 800 PPM, the fraction is 0.0008, meaning 0.0008 ft³ of pure CO2 gas must be added per ft³ of room air to raise concentration by that amount. Step 3: Base Flow Rate (Sealed Room) Base CFH = Room Volume (ft³) x CO2 Deficit This is the minimum CFH if the room were perfectly sealed with no exhaust running. It answers: how many cubic feet of CO2 gas must enter the room per hour to hit the target, assuming nothing leaves. Step 4: Exhaust-Adjusted Flow Rate CFH Required = Room Volume (ft³) x CO2 Deficit x (1 + Air Changes per Hour) Each complete air exchange flushes one full room-volume of enriched air to the outside. To maintain the target concentration, the injection system must replace both the baseline deficit and the volume lost through each exchange. At 5 ACH, the multiplier is 6x the sealed-room rate. At 20 ACH, it is 21x. Rounding: CFH values below 10 are shown to two decimal places; values of 10 and above are rounded to one decimal place. Step 5: Tank Duration Estimate Tank ft³ = Tank Weight (lb) x 8.7 Tank Duration (hrs) = Tank ft³ / CFH Required The 8.7 ft³/lb conversion is based on CO2 gas density at standard temperature (20 C) and pressure (1 atm). Actual yield varies slightly with ambient temperature and tank fill state. Assumptions and Limits The formula assumes instantaneous, uniform mixing of CO2 throughout the room volume. Real rooms experience stratification, especially in tall spaces without vertical circulation fans. CO2 is denser than air (1.96 kg/m³ vs. 1.29 kg/m³ for air), so it settles without active mixing. Each exhaust exchange is treated as a complete displacement of the room’s enriched air. Actual CO2 loss per exchange depends on fan placement, room leakage, and injection timing relative to the exhaust cycle. This formula produces a conservative (higher) flow rate estimate. Plant CO2 uptake is not modeled. During active photosynthesis, plants consume CO2, so actual flow demand may be higher than the formula output during peak light periods. Ambient CO2 is assumed constant at the entered value. If fresh outdoor air enters continuously, ambient stays near 400 PPM. If the space is tightly sealed, exhaled CO2 or decomposition can raise the baseline. The 8.7 ft³/lb CO2 conversion applies to gas-phase CO2 at standard conditions. Liquid CO2 tanks deliver gas at a higher density; the 8.7 figure is a practical approximation within normal operating ranges. This tool does not account for door infiltration, wall permeability, or CO2 off-gassing from grow media, organic matter, or compost. Those sources typically contribute negligible volume compared to injection rates at enrichment PPM levels. PPM values above 5,000 are outside the OSHA 8-hour TWA ceiling of 5,000 PPM and are blocked by the calculator. Operating above 3,000 PPM requires CO2 alarm systems and automatic ventilation failsafes regardless of occupancy frequency. Tank duration is a planning estimate only. Actual consumption depends on regulator precision, ambient temperature effects on gas density, and whether the injection system runs continuously or in timed cycles.

## Verified worked examples

### Example 1: Small Grow Tent, Exhaust Off During Injection

Room: 8 ft x 4 ft x 7 ft = 224 ft³ Ambient CO2: 400 PPM Target CO2: 1,200 PPM Exhaust ACH: 0 (fan paused during CO2 cycle) CO2 Deficit = (1,200 – 400) / 1,000,000 = 0.0008 CFH = 224 x 0.0008 x (1 + 0) = 0.18 CFH Result: 0.18 CFH required. With a 20 lb tank (approximately 174 ft³), this setup runs for roughly 967 hours at this flow rate, assuming the tank is used only during injection windows. Turning the exhaust off during enrichment makes a small tank viable for months of consistent operation.

### Example 2: Mid-Size Grow Room, Exhaust Running at 5 ACH

Room: 12 ft x 10 ft x 8 ft = 960 ft³ Ambient CO2: 400 PPM Target CO2: 1,500 PPM Exhaust ACH: 5 CO2 Deficit = (1,500 – 400) / 1,000,000 = 0.0011 Base CFH = 960 x 0.0011 x 1 = 1.06 CFH Exhaust-Adjusted CFH = 960 x 0.0011 x (1 + 5) = 6.34 CFH Result: 6.34 CFH required. The exhaust multiplier increases CO2 demand sixfold compared to a sealed injection window. A 20 lb tank at this rate lasts approximately 27 hours. Without a solenoid valve cutting exhaust power during injection, this room burns through a tank in just over one day.

### Example 3: Commercial Greenhouse, Fan Off, Elevated Baseline

Room: 30 ft x 20 ft x 10 ft = 6,000 ft³ Ambient CO2: 420 PPM (slightly elevated from adjacent building activity) Target CO2: 1,200 PPM Exhaust ACH: 0 (enrichment during sealed daytime period) CO2 Deficit = (1,200 – 420) / 1,000,000 = 0.00078 CFH = 6,000 x 0.00078 x (1 + 0) = 4.68 CFH Result: 4.68 CFH required. At this scale, a 20 lb tank lasts approximately 37 hours. For a 6,000 ft³ greenhouse operating 8-hour enrichment days, a propane CO2 generator becomes economically preferable to compressed tank gas, which would require a refill every four to five enrichment sessions.

## Assumptions

CO2 is assumed to mix instantly and uniformly throughout the room (ideal mixing). Real rooms may have stratification; vertical circulation fans reduce this error. The formula treats each exhaust cycle as a complete displacement of CO2-enriched air. Actual loss depends on fan CFM, room leakage, and injection timing. Ambient CO2 is held constant (fresh outside air at 400 PPM). If your building has elevated CO2, adjust the ambient input accordingly. Tank sizing assumes CO2 is a gas at standard temperature/pressure: 1 lb CO2 ≈ 8.7 ft³ at STP. PPM values above 5,000 are outside OSHA safe exposure limits and are blocked. Do not operate enrichment without a CO2 alarm system. This calculator does not account for plant uptake, door infiltration, or CO2 off-gassing from grow media. The “Exhaust Dump” check is triggered any time Exchanges per Hour > 0. An environmental controller with solenoid valve is the only safe mitigation. Our logic accounts for the air exchange multiplier, preventing the common mistake of under-injecting while fans are active. Show the calculation steps Step 1: Room Volume Room Volume (ft³) = Length (ft) x Width (ft) x Height (ft) This produces the total cubic footage of air that must be enriched. No conversion factor is needed; the formula works natively in imperial units when all dimensions are in feet. Step 2: CO2 Deficit Fraction CO2 Deficit = (Target PPM – Ambient PPM) / 1,000,000 Dividing by 1,000,000 converts the PPM difference into a dimensionless volume fraction. For a deficit of 800 PPM, the fraction is 0.0008, meaning 0.0008 ft³ of pure CO2 gas must be added per ft³ of room air to raise concentration by that amount. Step 3: Base Flow Rate (Sealed Room) Base CFH = Room Volume (ft³) x CO2 Deficit This is the minimum CFH if the room were perfectly sealed with no exhaust running. It answers: how many cubic feet of CO2 gas must enter the room per hour to hit the target, assuming nothing leaves. Step 4: Exhaust-Adjusted Flow Rate CFH Required = Room Volume (ft³) x CO2 Deficit x (1 + Air Changes per Hour) Each complete air exchange flushes one full room-volume of enriched air to the outside. To maintain the target concentration, the injection system must replace both the baseline deficit and the volume lost through each exchange. At 5 ACH, the multiplier is 6x the sealed-room rate. At 20 ACH, it is 21x. Rounding: CFH values below 10 are shown to two decimal places; values of 10 and above are rounded to one decimal place. Step 5: Tank Duration Estimate Tank ft³ = Tank Weight (lb) x 8.7 Tank Duration (hrs) = Tank ft³ / CFH Required The 8.7 ft³/lb conversion is based on CO2 gas density at standard temperature (20 C) and pressure (1 atm). Actual yield varies slightly with ambient temperature and tank fill state. Assumptions and Limits The formula assumes instantaneous, uniform mixing of CO2 throughout the room volume. Real rooms experience stratification, especially in tall spaces without vertical circulation fans. CO2 is denser than air (1.96 kg/m³ vs. 1.29 kg/m³ for air), so it settles without active mixing. Each exhaust exchange is treated as a complete displacement of the room’s enriched air. Actual CO2 loss per exchange depends on fan placement, room leakage, and injection timing relative to the exhaust cycle. This formula produces a conservative (higher) flow rate estimate. Plant CO2 uptake is not modeled. During active photosynthesis, plants consume CO2, so actual flow demand may be higher than the formula output during peak light periods. Ambient CO2 is assumed constant at the entered value. If fresh outdoor air enters continuously, ambient stays near 400 PPM. If the space is tightly sealed, exhaled CO2 or decomposition can raise the baseline. The 8.7 ft³/lb CO2 conversion applies to gas-phase CO2 at standard conditions. Liquid CO2 tanks deliver gas at a higher density; the 8.7 figure is a practical approximation within normal operating ranges. This tool does not account for door infiltration, wall permeability, or CO2 off-gassing from grow media, organic matter, or compost. Those sources typically contribute negligible volume compared to injection rates at enrichment PPM levels. PPM values above 5,000 are outside the OSHA 8-hour TWA ceiling of 5,000 PPM and are blocked by the calculator. Operating above 3,000 PPM requires CO2 alarm systems and automatic ventilation failsafes regardless of occupancy frequency. Tank duration is a planning estimate only. Actual consumption depends on regulator precision, ambient temperature effects on gas density, and whether the injection system runs continuously or in timed cycles. The formula assumes instantaneous, uniform mixing of CO2 throughout the room volume. Real rooms experience stratification, especially in tall spaces without vertical circulation fans. CO2 is denser than air (1.96 kg/m³ vs. 1.29 kg/m³ for air), so it settles without active mixing. Each exhaust exchange is treated as a complete displacement of the room’s enriched air. Actual CO2 loss per exchange depends on fan placement, room leakage, and injection timing relative to the exhaust cycle. This formula produces a conservative (higher) flow rate estimate. Plant CO2 uptake is not modeled. During active photosynthesis, plants consume CO2, so actual flow demand may be higher than the formula output during peak light periods. Ambient CO2 is assumed constant at the entered value. If fresh outdoor air enters continuously, ambient stays near 400 PPM. If the space is tightly sealed, exhaled CO2 or decomposition can raise the baseline. The 8.7 ft³/lb CO2 conversion applies to gas-phase CO2 at standard conditions. Liquid CO2 tanks deliver gas at a higher density; the 8.7 figure is a practical approximation within normal operating ranges. This tool does not account for door infiltration, wall permeability, or CO2 off-gassing from grow media, organic matter, or compost. Those sources typically contribute negligible volume compared to injection rates at enrichment PPM levels. PPM values above 5,000 are outside the OSHA 8-hour TWA ceiling of 5,000 PPM and are blocked by the calculator. Operating above 3,000 PPM requires CO2 alarm systems and automatic ventilation failsafes regardless of occupancy frequency. Tank duration is a planning estimate only. Actual consumption depends on regulator precision, ambient temperature effects on gas density, and whether the injection system runs continuously or in timed cycles. Critical Warnings The Exhaust Dump: Any exhaust fan operating during CO2 injection creates a direct loss channel. CO2 gas, though slightly heavier than air, is rapidly entrained by turbulent airflow and expelled with the bulk air mass. There is no injection rate high enough to overcome a continuously running exhaust fan in a normal grow room; the physics of the exchange rate will always exceed the injection rate at practical regulator settings. Tank Depletion Rates at High ACH: A 20 lb CO2 tank contains roughly 174 ft³ of gas. At 5 ACH in a 800 ft³ room targeting 1,500 PPM, the required rate exceeds 5 CFH. That tank empties in approximately 33 hours of continuous operation. Many growers assume tanks last weeks; at typical exhaust rates, they last days. High-PPM Safety: CO2 above 3,000 PPM causes measurable cognitive impairment and dizziness. Above 5,000 PPM (OSHA Ceiling Limit), exposure creates serious physiological risk. NDIR sensors with alarm outputs and automated ventilation override are not optional at these enrichment levels. Enrichment Without Adequate Light: CO2 enrichment above 1,000 PPM is only productive when photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is sufficient to drive the additional carbon fixation. At low light intensity, elevated CO2 does not increase yield and wastes supply. The DLI calculator can help confirm whether your lighting delivers enough daily light integral to justify enrichment above 1,200 PPM. Minimum Standards An environmental controller with a solenoid valve wired to cut exhaust fan power during CO2 injection is the baseline minimum for any enrichment setup. Controllers from TrolMaster and Titan Controls handle this automatically using NDIR CO2 feedback. NDIR (non-dispersive infrared) CO2 sensors are required for accurate PPM measurement. Electrochemical sensors degrade and drift significantly within 12-18 months; NDIR sensors are calibrated against a known reference gas spectrum and are the industry standard for grow room control. CO2 injection should be timed to the light cycle only. Plants do not photosynthesize in darkness, and nighttime enrichment is pure waste. Most environmental controllers have a light-sensing input or timer integration for this purpose. For greenhouse volumes above 2,000 ft³, propane or natural gas CO2 generators are typically more cost-effective than compressed tank gas on a per-ft³ basis. The heat output of propane generators must be accounted for in climate calculations; for heat load planning, the CO2 burner heat calculator provides the thermal output estimate. Competitor Trap: Most CO2 flow rate calculators online return a single CFH number based on room volume and PPM deficit only. They solve the sealed-room case and stop. A grower who trusts that number and then runs their exhaust fan continuously will under-inject by a factor equal to 1 plus their ACH. At 5 ACH, the sealed-room estimate is off by 6x. The exhaust adjustment is not a refinement; it is the dominant variable in any real grow room, and calculators that omit it produce numbers that are operationally useless. An environmental controller with a solenoid valve wired to cut exhaust fan power during CO2 injection is the baseline minimum for any enrichment setup. Controllers from TrolMaster and Titan Controls handle this automatically using NDIR CO2 feedback. NDIR (non-dispersive infrared) CO2 sensors are required for accurate PPM measurement. Electrochemical sensors degrade and drift significantly within 12-18 months; NDIR sensors are calibrated against a known reference gas spectrum and are the industry standard for grow room control. CO2 injection should be timed to the light cycle only. Plants do not photosynthesize in darkness, and nighttime enrichment is pure waste. Most environmental controllers have a light-sensing input or timer integration for this purpose. For greenhouse volumes above 2,000 ft³, propane or natural gas CO2 generators are typically more cost-effective than compressed tank gas on a per-ft³ basis. The heat output of propane generators must be accounted for in climate calculations; for heat load planning, the CO2 burner heat calculator provides the thermal output estimate. Competitor Trap: Most CO2 flow rate calculators online return a single CFH number based on room volume and PPM deficit only. They solve the sealed-room case and stop. A grower who trusts that number and then runs their exhaust fan continuously will under-inject by a factor equal to 1 plus their ACH. At 5 ACH, the sealed-room estimate is off by 6x. The exhaust adjustment is not a refinement; it is the dominant variable in any real grow room, and calculators that omit it produce numbers that are operationally useless.

## Limitations and safety

CO2 is assumed to mix instantly and uniformly throughout the room (ideal mixing). Real rooms may have stratification; vertical circulation fans reduce this error. The formula treats each exhaust cycle as a complete displacement of CO2-enriched air. Actual loss depends on fan CFM, room leakage, and injection timing. Ambient CO2 is held constant (fresh outside air at 400 PPM). If your building has elevated CO2, adjust the ambient input accordingly. Tank sizing assumes CO2 is a gas at standard temperature/pressure: 1 lb CO2 ≈ 8.7 ft³ at STP. PPM values above 5,000 are outside OSHA safe exposure limits and are blocked. Do not operate enrichment without a CO2 alarm system. This calculator does not account for plant uptake, door infiltration, or CO2 off-gassing from grow media. The “Exhaust Dump” check is triggered any time Exchanges per Hour > 0. An environmental controller with solenoid valve is the only safe mitigation. The formula assumes instantaneous, uniform mixing of CO2 throughout the room volume. Real rooms experience stratification, especially in tall spaces without vertical circulation fans. CO2 is denser than air (1.96 kg/m³ vs. 1.29 kg/m³ for air), so it settles without active mixing. Each exhaust exchange is treated as a complete displacement of the room’s enriched air. Actual CO2 loss per exchange depends on fan placement, room leakage, and injection timing relative to the exhaust cycle. This formula produces a conservative (higher) flow rate estimate. Plant CO2 uptake is not modeled. During active photosynthesis, plants consume CO2, so actual flow demand may be higher than the formula output during peak light periods. Ambient CO2 is assumed constant at the entered value. If fresh outdoor air enters continuously, ambient stays near 400 PPM. If the space is tightly sealed, exhaled CO2 or decomposition can raise the baseline. The 8.7 ft³/lb CO2 conversion applies to gas-phase CO2 at standard conditions. Liquid CO2 tanks deliver gas at a higher density; the 8.7 figure is a practical approximation within normal operating ranges. This tool does not account for door infiltration, wall permeability, or CO2 off-gassing from grow media, organic matter, or compost. Those sources typically contribute negligible volume compared to injection rates at enrichment PPM levels. PPM values above 5,000 are outside the OSHA 8-hour TWA ceiling of 5,000 PPM and are blocked by the calculator. Operating above 3,000 PPM requires CO2 alarm systems and automatic ventilation failsafes regardless of occupancy frequency. Tank duration is a planning estimate only. Actual consumption depends on regulator precision, ambient temperature effects on gas density, and whether the injection system runs continuously or in timed cycles. Critical Warnings The Exhaust Dump: Any exhaust fan operating during CO2 injection creates a direct loss channel. CO2 gas, though slightly heavier than air, is rapidly entrained by turbulent airflow and expelled with the bulk air mass. There is no injection rate high enough to overcome a continuously running exhaust fan in a normal grow room; the physics of the exchange rate will always exceed the injection rate at practical regulator settings. Tank Depletion Rates at High ACH: A 20 lb CO2 tank contains roughly 174 ft³ of gas. At 5 ACH in a 800 ft³ room targeting 1,500 PPM, the required rate exceeds 5 CFH. That tank empties in approximately 33 hours of continuous operation. Many growers assume tanks last weeks; at typical exhaust rates, they last days. High-PPM Safety: CO2 above 3,000 PPM causes measurable cognitive impairment and dizziness. Above 5,000 PPM (OSHA Ceiling Limit), exposure creates serious physiological risk. NDIR sensors with alarm outputs and automated ventilation override are not optional at these enrichment levels. Enrichment Without Adequate Light: CO2 enrichment above 1,000 PPM is only productive when photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is sufficient to drive the additional carbon fixation. At low light intensity, elevated CO2 does not increase yield and wastes supply. The DLI calculator can help confirm whether your lighting delivers enough daily light integral to justify enrichment above 1,200 PPM. Minimum Standards An environmental controller with a solenoid valve wired to cut exhaust fan power during CO2 injection is the baseline minimum for any enrichment setup. Controllers from TrolMaster and Titan Controls handle this automatically using NDIR CO2 feedback. NDIR (non-dispersive infrared) CO2 sensors are required for accurate PPM measurement. Electrochemical sensors degrade and drift significantly within 12-18 months; NDIR sensors are calibrated against a known reference gas spectrum and are the industry standard for grow room control. CO2 injection should be timed to the light cycle only. Plants do not photosynthesize in darkness, and nighttime enrichment is pure waste. Most environmental controllers have a light-sensing input or timer integration for this purpose. For greenhouse volumes above 2,000 ft³, propane or natural gas CO2 generators are typically more cost-effective than compressed tank gas on a per-ft³ basis. The heat output of propane generators must be accounted for in climate calculations; for heat load planning, the CO2 burner heat calculator provides the thermal output estimate. Competitor Trap: Most CO2 flow rate calculators online return a single CFH number based on room volume and PPM deficit only. They solve the sealed-room case and stop. A grower who trusts that number and then runs their exhaust fan continuously will under-inject by a factor equal to 1 plus their ACH. At 5 ACH, the sealed-room estimate is off by 6x. The exhaust adjustment is not a refinement; it is the dominant variable in any real grow room, and calculators that omit it produce numbers that are operationally useless.

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## Provenance

- Model ID: `tyg-726`
- Model version: `1.0.0`
- Reviewed by: Umer Hayiat
- Page modified: 2026-08-20T11:05:54
- Runtime SHA-256: `c4381209be335c2f4bcf9b163fb6d4bc0597a4fd712ba58cd583c88dbf1c0f54`

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